Digital networks
The Creation and Expansion of the Web
The Web began as a proposal to organize documents at CERN in 1989 and grew into a public system of linked pages, distinct from the Internet that carries it.
1989 onward
Digital and connected age
From the late 1980s, digital networks began to connect people, organizations, and devices on a planetary scale. The Web, smartphones, and the recent evolution of computational intelligence are close enough to us that they call for caution: recent facts are subject to revision and to debates still underway.
Articles
Automation and computational intelligence
Historical Milestones of Computational Intelligence
Computational intelligence is a research field more than seventy years old, marked by cycles of enthusiasm and reassessment, rival methods and debates that remain open.
Milestones
- 1989–1991
The Web is born
Tim Berners-Lee proposes the system at CERN in 1989. The service becomes public in 1991.
Read: The Web → - 1997
Deep Blue and Kasparov
IBM's Deep Blue computer wins a six-game match against world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
Read: Computational intelligence → - 2007
Smartphones go mainstream
The iPhone is unveiled in January 2007 and Android reaches the market in 2008. Phones with Web access and apps become popular.
Read: Mobile phones → - 2012
Deep learning in image recognition
A deep neural network wins the ImageNet challenge by a wide margin and boosts interest in such methods.
Read: Computational intelligence → - 2017
The Transformer architecture
Researchers present the Transformer architecture, the basis of many later language models.
Read: Computational intelligence →